Answer
(d) all of the above
Work Step by Step
Following causes irreversibilities during operation of an internal combustion automobile engine.
1. Friction: In automobile engine, there is friction mainly between piston and cylinder of automobile engine.
2. Heat Transfer: There is internal heat transfer between local high temperature zones (point of combustion) and comparatively low temperature zone like cylinder wall (which is continuously cooled from surrounding).
3. Chemical reaction: There is a spontaneous chemical reaction in which chemical energy(fuel) is converted into thermal energy(heat).