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Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali

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Notes

  1. ^ Carruth, Gorton, The encyclopedia of world facts and dates, pp 167, 1192 HarperCollins Publishers, 1993, ISBN 0-06-270012-X
  2. ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p 77, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4381-1906-2
  3. ^ http://www2.stetson.edu/~psteeves/classes/sundiata.html
  4. ^ Niane page 41
  5. ^ The years Sundiata Keita was born and died, are merely estimates based on the epic and the historical events surrounding that period amongs with other scholarly works based on Arab and North African writings. Scholars like Snodgrass gave a date range of 1217 to 1255. See:
    • Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p 77, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4381-1906-2
  6. ^ Conrad, David C., Empires of Medieval West Africa, p 12, Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-4381-0319-0
  7. ^ Cox, George O. African empires and civilizations : ancient and medieval, African Heritage Studies Publishers, 1974, p 160
  8. ^ Editors : Alexander, Leslie M & Rucker, W if you want to learn more email khadar3132@ gmail.com or email lbillybensan@ yaalter C, Encyclopedia of African American history, Volume 1, pp 109 - 110, ABC-CLIO, 2010, ISBN 1-85109-769-4
  9. ^ Editor: Senghor, Léopold Sédar, Éthiopiques, Issues 21-24, Grande imprimerie africaine, 1980, p 79
  10. ^ Conrad, David C., Sunjata: a West African epic of the Mande peoples, (editors: David C. Conrad, Djanka Tassey Condé, translated by: David C. Conrad), pp ix, x, xxvi, Hackett Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-87220-697-1
  11. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 54 -55, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  12. ^ "Mali's Boy-King: A Thirteenth-Century African Epic Becomes Digital", By Ronica Roth (in NEH) : Humanities, July/August 1998, Volume 19/Number 4
  13. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, p 55, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  14. ^ Levtzion 1963.
  15. ^ Sammis, Kathy, Focus on World History : The Era of Expanding Global Connections --1000-1500, p 66
  16. ^ Conrad, David C., Sunjata: a West African epic of the Mande peoples, (editors: David C. Conrad, Djanka Tassey Condé, translated by: David C. Conrad), p xxxv, Hackett Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-87220-697-1
  17. ^ Conrad, David C., Empires of Medieval West Africa, p 35
  18. ^ see: Conrad, David C., Sunjata: a West African epic of the Mande peoples, (editors: David C. Conrad, Djanka Tassey Condé, translated by: David C. Conrad), p xxxv, Hackett Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-87220-697-1
  19. ^ BBC World Service, see : See : BBC World Service, The Story of Africa, West African Kingdoms. (under Origins)
  20. ^ Conrad, David C., Empires of Medieval West Africa, p 44, Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-4381-0319-0
  21. ^ (French) See vols. 1-3 Delafosse, Maurice, Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Soudan Français), le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues, l'Histoire, les Civilisations, (vols.1-3)(in Gallica)
  22. ^ (French) Delafosse, Maurice, Traditions historiques et légendaires du Soudan occidental, Traduites d'un manscrit arabe inédit par Maurice Delafosse, (in Gallica).
  23. ^ Delafosse merely linked different legends (i.e. the Tautain story etc.) and prescribed Diara Kanté (1180) as the father of Soumaoro, in order to link the Sossos to the Diarisso Dynasty of Kaniaga (Jarisso). He also failed to give sources as to how he arrived to that conclusion and the genealogy he created. Monteil describes his work as "unacceptable". The African Studies Association describe it as "...too creative to be useful to historians". See:
    • African Studies Association, History in Africa, Volume 11, African Studies Association., 1984, the University of Michigan, pp 42-51
    • Monteil, Charles, Fin de siècle à Médine (1898-1899), Bulletin de l'lFAN, vol. 28, série B, n° 1-2, 1966, p 166
    • Monteil, Charles, La légende officielle de Soundiata, fondateur de l'empire manding, Bulletin du Comité d 'Etudes historiques et scientifiques de l 'AOF, tome VIII, n° 2, 1924.
    • Robert Cornevin, Histoire de l'Afrique, Tome I : des origines au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1962), 347-48,(ref. to Delafosse in Haut-Sénégal-Niger vol.1, pp 256-257)
    • Crowder, Michael, West Africa: an introduction to its history, Longman, 1977, p 31 (based on Delafosse's work)
    • Delafosse, Maurice Haut-Sénégal-Niger: Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues; l'Histoire; les Civilizations. vols. 1-3, Paris: Émile Larose (1912), (editors: Marie François Joseph Clozel)
  24. ^ Stride, G. T & Ifeka, Caroline, Peoples and empires of West Africa: West Africa in history, 1000-1800, Africana Pub. Corp., 1971, p 49
  25. ^ Fyle, Magbaily, Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa, p 61
  26. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Ethnic Diversity and Integration in the Gambia. (2010), p 224, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3
  27. ^ Austen, Ralph A., In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic As History, Literature and Performance, Bloomington: Indiana University Press (1999), p 93, ISBN 0-253-21248-0.
  28. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Ethnic Diversity and Integration in the Gambia. (2010), p 224, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3
  29. ^ Niane, Djibril Tamsir, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century, Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, p 133, University of California Press, 1984 ISBN 0-435-94810-5
  30. ^ Fage, J. D, The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1050 to c. 1600, (Editors: J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver), p 390, Cambridge University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-521-20981-1
  31. ^ Badru, Pade, The spread of Islam in West Africa: colonization, globalization, and the emergence of fundamentalism, pp 100-102, Edwin Mellen Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7734-5535-3
  32. ^ Collins, Robert O & McDonald , James , A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, p 84, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-521-86746-0
  33. ^ http://courses.wcupa.edu/jones/his311/notes/sundiata.htm Historians believe that Sundiata was not a devout Muslim, and that his descendants were the ones who made Islam the official religion of the nobility.
  34. ^ http://www.africanbelief.com/ African Belief
  35. ^ Stride, G. T & Ifeka, Caroline, Peoples and empires of West Africa: West Africa in history, 1000-1800, Africana Pub. Corp., 1971, pp 51-53
  36. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana, "The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 11", Americana Corp., 1977, p 667, ISBN 0-7172-0108-2
  37. ^ Asante, Molefi K., Mazama, Ama, Encyclopedia of Black studies, SAGE Publications, 2005, p 318, ISBN 0-7619-2762-X
  38. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 55 - 56, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  39. ^ Ngom, Biram: "La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin", Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1987
  40. ^ Djibril Tamsir Niane, "Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou", p 22
  41. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 55 - 56, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  42. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, p 56, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  43. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 55-57, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  44. ^ Conrad, David C., Empires of Medieval West Africa, p 12, Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1-4381-0319-0
  45. ^ Fage, J.D. & Oliver, Roland Anthony, The Cambridge History of Africa, p 381. Cambridge University Press, 1975
  46. ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p 77, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4381-1906-2
  47. ^ Collins, Robert O & McDonald , James , A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, p 84, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-521-86746-0
  48. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 57 - 58, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  49. ^ See also : Mamadou Kouyate quoted in BBC World Service, The Story of Africa, "West African Kingdoms" (under Origins)
  50. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 57 - 58, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  51. ^ Boahen, A. Adu, Topics in West African history, p 16, Longman, 1966, ISBN 0-582-64502-6
  52. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 57 - 58, ISBN 0-520-06699-5. See also:
    • Delafosse, Maurice Haut-Sénégal-Niger: Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues; l'Histoire; les Civilizations. vols. 1-3, Paris: Émile Larose (1912), (editors: Marie François Joseph Clozel)
  53. ^ Boahen, A. Adu, Topics in West African history, p 16, Longman, 1966, ISBN 0-582-64502-6
  54. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 57 - 58, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  55. ^ Collins, Robert O, African History: Western African history, p 8, Markus Wiener Publishers, 1990, ISBN 1-55876-015-6
  56. ^ Cox, George O. African empires and civilizations : ancient and medieval, African Heritage Studies Publishers, 1974, p 160
  57. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 55 - 56, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  58. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 55 - 56, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  59. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, pp 55 - 56, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  60. ^ Cooley, William, The Negroland of the Arabs Examined and Explained (1841): Or an Enquiry Into the Early History and Geography of Central Africa, p 62, Routledge, 1966, ISBN 0-7146-1799-7
  61. ^ Asante, Molefi K., Mazama, Ama, Encyclopedia of Black studies, SAGE Publications, 2005, p 318, ISBN 0-7619-2762-X
  62. ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century, (editors : Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Djibril Tamsir Niane), University of California Press, 1998, p 56, ISBN 0-520-06699-5
  63. ^ Ellen Snodgrass, "Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire", p 78, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4381-1906-2
  64. ^ Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division, French West Africa: The Federation, HMSO, 1943, p 171
  65. ^ Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division, French West Africa: The Federation, HMSO, 1943, p 171
  66. ^ "Mali's Boy-King: A Thirteenth-Century African Epic Becomes Digital", By Ronica Roth (in NEH) : Humanities, July/August 1998, Volume 19/Number 4
  67. ^ University of Timbuktu : [1]
  68. ^ Editors : Alexander, Leslie M & Rucker, Walter C, Encyclopedia of African American history, Volume 1, pp 109 - 110, ABC-CLIO, 2010, ISBN 1-85109-769-4
  69. ^ Ellen Snodgrass, "Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire", p 78, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4381-1906-2
  70. ^ "Hamlet and The Lion King: Shakespearean Influences on Modern Entertainment", By : Trey McElveen, Mrs. Rohlfs, "British Literature", 17 April 1998, (in lionking.org)

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