Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald

Notes

1. ^ Fitzgerald was also named after his deceased sister, Louise Scott Fitzgerald, one of two sisters who died shortly before his birth.[3]
2. ^ Zelda's grandfather, Willis B. Machen, served in the Confederate Congress.[43] Her father's uncle was John Tyler Morgan, a Confederate general in the American Civil War and a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama.[44] According to biographer Nancy Milford, "if there was a Confederate establishment in the Deep South, Zelda Sayre came from the heart of it."[43]
3. ^ Both F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda Sayre had other sexual partners prior to their first meeting and courtship.[53][54]
4. ^ According to biographer Andrew Turnbull, "one day, drinking martinis in the upstairs lounge, [Fitzgerald] announced that he was going to jump out of the window. No one objected; on the contrary, it was pointed out that the windows were French and ideally suited for jumping, which seemed to cool his ardor."[72]
5. ^ a b During her youth, Zelda Sayre's wealthy Southern family employed half-a-dozen domestic servants, many of whom were African-American.[84] Consequently, she was unaccustomed to menial labor or responsibilities of any kind.[85][86]
6. ^ In 1929, Fitzgerald's domestic royalties for The Great Gatsby amounted to $5.10.[155] A final royalty check amounted to $13.13, all of which was from Fitzgerald buying his own books.[156] Although Gatsby experienced tepid book sales, Fitzgerald sold the film rights for $15,000 to $12,000.[157]
7. ^ Fitzgerald objected to Zelda naming her heroine's husband Amory Blaine, the name of the protagonist in This Side of Paradise.[198]
8. ^ Contrary to Nancy Milford's 1970 biography Zelda,[200] scholarly examinations of Zelda's earlier drafts of Save Me the Waltz and the final version discerned fewer alterations than previously claimed.[199] According to Matthew J. Bruccoli, the revised galleys were "in Zelda Fitzgerald's hand. F. Scott Fitzgerald did not systematically work on the surviving proofs: only eight of the words written on them are clearly in his hand."[201]
9. ^ A "sheik" referred to young men in the Jazz Age who imitated the appearance and dress of iconic film star Rudolph Valentino.[211] The female equivalent of a "sheik" was called a "sheba".[212] Both "sheiks" and "shebas" were older in age than the younger "flapper" generation who were children during World War I.[212]
10. ^ In a letter, Fitzgerald insisted he only became an alcoholic after college.[110] He wrote that he had never been "drunk at Princeton—or in the army, except one night when I retired to the locker room."[110]
11. ^ According to Graham, Fitzgerald "had begun drinking, as a young man, because in those days everyone drank. 'Zelda and I drank with them. I was able to drink and enjoy it. I thought all I needed anywhere in the world to make a living was a pencil and paper. Then I found I needed liquor too. I needed it to write.'"[244]
12. ^ a b Scribner's later reissued the book under Fitzgerald's preferred title, The Love of The Last Tycoon.[277]
13. ^ Frances Kroll Ring wrote regarding Fitzgerald's corpse: "The figure in the grey box had no connection with the Scott I knew. The moritician's cosmetics defacted him and he looked like a badly painted portrait, waxed, spiritless".[263]
14. ^ Fitzgerald was adamant that World War I did not spawn the Jazz Age.[343] He not only rejected the claim that "the world war broke down the moral barriers of the younger generation", he believed that "except for leaving its touch of destruction here and there, I do not think the war left any real lasting effect."[343]
15. ^ According to Fitzgerald scholar Matthew J. Bruccoli, "Zelda does not say she collaborated on The Beautiful and Damned: only that Fitzgerald incorporated a portion of her diary 'on one page' and that he revised 'scraps' of her letters. None of Fitzgerald's surviving manuscripts shows her hand".[402]

Citations

1. ^ electricliterature (July 19, 2017). "Unfinished Business: F. Scott Fitzgerald and The Love of the Last Tycoon". Electric Literature. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
2. ^ a b c Gross & Corrigan 2014.
3. ^ Schiff 2001, p. 21.
4. ^ Mizener 2020; Donaldson 1983, p. 2.
5. ^ Donaldson 1983, p. 2; Bruccoli 2002, p. 5.
6. ^ Donaldson 1983, p. 2: Fitzgerald wrote in a letter to John O'Hara: "I am half black Irish and half old American stock with the usual exaggerated ancestral pretensions."
7. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 6.
8. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 2; Bruccoli 2002, p. 11.
9. ^ Donaldson 1983, p. 4.
10. ^ Mizener 1972, p. 116; Turnbull 1962, p. 7.
11. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 15.
12. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 14.
13. ^ Donaldson 1983, pp. 4–5.
14. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 14; Donaldson 1983, pp. 4–5.
15. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 16; Donaldson 1983, p. 4.
16. ^ Milford 1970, p. 27; Fitzgerald 1960.
17. ^ Milford 1970, p. 27; Turnbull 1962, p. 32.
18. ^ Mizener 1951, pp. 42–44, 59; Tate 1998, p. 76.
19. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 48: Edmund Wilson later claimed "that Fitzgerald was the only Catholic he knew at Princeton."
20. ^ Mulrooney, Rick (November 16, 2006). "F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald". Wilmington News Journal. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
21. ^ Mizener 1972, p. 18; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 47–49.
22. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 45, 65–68, 75.
23. ^ Smith 2003: Fitzgerald later confided to his daughter that Ginevra King "was the first girl I ever loved" and that he "faithfully avoided seeing her" to "keep the illusion perfect".
24. ^ West 2005, p. 21.
25. ^ Smith 2003; West 2005, p. 104.
26. ^ Smith 2003; West 2005, p. xiii.
27. ^ Corrigan 2014, p. 58: Scholar Maureen Corrigan notes that "because she's the one who got away, Ginevra—even more than Zelda—is the love who lodged like an irritant in Fitzgerald's imagination, producing the literary pearl that is Daisy Buchanan."
28. ^ West 2005, p. 10.
29. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 36, 49; Smith 2003; Turnbull 1962, pp. 56–58, 60.
30. ^ West 2005, pp. 41, 91.
31. ^ West 2005, p. 35.
32. ^ West 2005, p. 42.
33. ^ Smith 2003: "That August Fitzgerald visited Ginevra in Lake Forest, Ill. Afterward he wrote in his ledger foreboding words, spoken to him perhaps by Ginevra's father, 'Poor boys shouldn't think of marrying rich girls'."
34. ^ Carter 2013; Donaldson 1983, p. 50.
35. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 70.
36. ^ a b c Bruccoli 2002, pp. 80, 82. Fitzgerald wished to die in battle, and he hoped that his unpublished novel would become a great success in the wake of his death.
37. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 79, 82; Korda 2007, p. 134.
38. ^ Korda 2007, p. 134.
39. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002, pp. 80, 84.
40. ^ Tate 1998, p. 251.
41. ^ Tate 1998, pp. 6, 32; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 79, 82.
42. ^ Donaldson 1983, p. 60: "On the rebound from Ginevra King, Fitzgerald was playing the field."
43. ^ a b Milford 1970, pp. 3–4.
44. ^ Davis 1924, pp. 45, 56, 59; Milford 1970, p. 5; Svrluga 2016.
45. ^ Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 24; Milford 1970, p. 3.
46. ^ Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 44.
47. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 111: Fitzgerald wrote in a letter, "I love [Zelda] and that's the beginning and end of everything."
48. ^ West 2005, pp. 65–66.
49. ^ West 2005, p. 73.
50. ^ West 2005, p. 73; Tate 1998, p. 32.
51. ^ Milford 1970, pp. 35–36.
52. ^ West 2005, p. 73; Bruccoli 2002, p. 89.
53. ^ Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2002, pp. 314–315: "By your own admission many years after (and for which I have [never] reproached you) you had been seduced and provincially outcast. I sensed this the night we slept together first for you're a poor bluffer".
54. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 70: "It seemed on one March [1916] afternoon that I had lost every single thing I wanted—and that night was the first time I hunted down the spectre of womanhood that, for a little while, makes everything else seem unimportant."
55. ^ Milford 1970, pp. 35–36; Bruccoli 2002, p. 89.
56. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 91: Fitzgerald wrote on December 4, 1918, "My mind is firmly made up that I will not, shall not, can not, should not, must not marry".
57. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 91.
58. ^ Mizener 1951, pp. 85, 89, 90: "Zelda would question whether he was ever going to make enough money for them to marry", and Fitzgerald was thus compelled to prove that "he was rich enough for her."
59. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 92–93.
60. ^ Milford 1970, p. 39.
61. ^ Milford 1970, p. 42; Turnbull 1962, p. 92.
62. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 91, 111: "Isabelle Amorous, the sister of a Newman friend, congratulated him when he broke off with Zelda".
63. ^ Milford 1970, p. 43; Bruccoli 2002, p. 91.
64. ^ Sommerville & Morgan 2017, pp. 186–187.
65. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 92–93; Mizener 1951, p. 80.
66. ^ Fitzgerald 2004, p. 124; Turnbull 1962, p. 92.
67. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 92; Rodgers 2005, p. 147.
68. ^ Sommerville & Morgan 2017, pp. 186–187; Bruccoli 2002, p. 93.
69. ^ Milford 1970, p. 52.
70. ^ Stern 1970, p. 7.
71. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 95–96; Fitzgerald 1966, p. 108.
72. ^ a b Turnbull 1962, pp. 93–94.
73. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 95: "When he climbed out on a window ledge and threatened to jump, no one tried to stop him."
74. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002, p. 96.
75. ^ a b c Bruccoli 2002, p. 97.
76. ^ Milford 1970, p. 55; West 2005, pp. 65, 74, 95.
77. ^ a b c Fitzgerald 1945, p. 86.
78. ^ Bruccoli & Baughman 1996, p. 32; Mizener 1951, p. 87.
79. ^ a b Buller 2005, p. 9.
80. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 117.
81. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 124.
82. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 102, 108.
83. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 89: "My story price had gone from $30 to $1,000. That's a small price to what was paid later in the Boom, but what it sounded like to me couldn't be exaggerated."
84. ^ Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 24.
85. ^ Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 24; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 189, 437.
86. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 111: "Zelda was no housekeeper. Sketchy about ordering meals, she completely ignored the laundry".
87. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 109.
88. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002, p. 479: Fitzgerald wrote in 1939, "You [Zelda] submitted at the moment of our marriage when your passion for me was at as low ebb as mine for you. ... I never wanted the Zelda I married. I didn't love you again till after you became pregnant."
89. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002, p. 437: In July 1938, Fitzgerald wrote to his daughter that, "I decided to marry your mother after all, even though I knew she was spoiled and meant no good to me. I was sorry immediately I had married her but, being patient in those days, made the best of it".
90. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 105; Bruccoli 2002, p. 128.
91. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 102: "Victory was sweet, though not as sweet as it would have been six months earlier before Zelda had rejected him. Fitzgerald couldn't recapture the thrill of their first love".
92. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 128–129: Describing his marriage to Zelda, Fitzgerald said that—aside from "long conversations" late at night—their relations lacked "a closeness" which they never "achieved in the workaday world of marriage."
93. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 14.
94. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 128.
95. ^ a b c d Turnbull 1962, p. 110.
96. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 105.
97. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 133.
98. ^ a b Turnbull 1962, p. 115.
99. ^ a b Milford 1970, p. 67.
100. ^ Mizener 1972, p. 65.
101. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 134–135.
102. ^ a b Turnbull 1962, pp. 136–137.
103. ^ a b Bruccoli 2000, pp. 53–54.
104. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 136: The Fitzgeralds "knew everyone, which is to say most of those whom Ralph Barton, the cartoonist, would have represented as being in the orchestra on opening night."
105. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 122.
106. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 224; Mizener 1951, p. 110.
107. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 18: "In any case, the Jazz Age now raced along under its own power, served by great filling stations full of money."
108. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 15: "[The Jazz Age represented] a whole race going hedonistic, deciding on pleasure."
109. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002, pp. 131–132.
110. ^ a b c Bruccoli 2002, p. 479.
111. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 112.
112. ^ Milford 1970, p. 84; Turnbull 1962, p. 127.
113. ^ Milford 1970, p. 84; Bruccoli 2002, p. 156.
114. ^ a b Milford 1970, p. 84; Mizener 1951, p. 63.
115. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 116; Mizener 1951, p. 138.
116. ^ Fitzgerald 1966, pp. 355–356.
117. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 159, 162; Bruccoli & Baughman 1996, p. 32.
118. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 166–169.
119. ^ Tate 1998, p. 104.
120. ^ a b c Turnbull 1962, p. 140; Mizener 1951, pp. 155–156.
121. ^ a b Turnbull 1962, p. 140.
122. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 157; Curnutt 2004, p. 58.
123. ^ Mizener 1960; Fitzgerald 1966, p. 189.
124. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 135–136.
125. ^ Mizener 1951, pp. 135, 140.
126. ^ Mizener 1951, pp. 140–41.
127. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 140: Although Fitzgerald strove "to become member of the community of the rich, to live from day to day as they did, to share their interests and tastes", he found such a privileged lifestyle morally disquieting.
128. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 141: Fitzgerald "admired deeply the rich" and yet his wealthy friends often disappointed or repulsed him. Consequently, he harbored "the smouldering hatred of a peasant" towards the wealthy and their milieu.
129. ^ Kruse 2002, p. 51.
130. ^ Kruse 2002, pp. 53–54, 47–48, 63–64.
131. ^ Kruse 2014, p. 15.
132. ^ Kruse 2002, p. 47.
133. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 178.
134. ^ Kruse 2002, p. 60.
135. ^ Kruse 2002, pp. 45–83; Bruccoli 2002, p. 178.
136. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 142, 352.
137. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 147; Milford 1970, p. 103.
138. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 170; Turnbull 1962, p. 146.
139. ^ a b West 2002, pp. xi, xvii.
140. ^ Carter 2013; Corrigan 2014.
141. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 150; Fessenden 2005, p. 28.
142. ^ a b Tate 1998, p. 86; Bruccoli 2002, p. 195; Milford 1970, pp. 108–112.
143. ^ a b c Milford 1970, pp. 108–112; Tate 1998, p. 86.
144. ^ Milford 1970, p. 111.
145. ^ Milford 1970, p. 111; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 201.
146. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 164; Milford 1970, p. 112.
147. ^ Milford 1970, pp. 108–112.
148. ^ Tate 1998, p. 86: "Zelda became romantically interested in Edouard, a French naval aviator. It is impossible to determine whether the affair was consummated, but it was nevertheless a damaging breach of trust."
149. ^ Tate 1998, p. 101.
150. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 215.
151. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 145.
152. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 218.
153. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 217; Mizener 1951, p. 193.
154. ^ a b Bruccoli & Baughman 1996, p. 32.
155. ^ Quirk 2009.
156. ^ Achenbach 2015.
157. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 192.
158. ^ a b c d Mizener 1960.
159. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 153, 179.
160. ^ Hemingway 1964, p. 29.
161. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 153, 352; Mizener 1951, p. 195.
162. ^ Hemingway 1964, p. 184.
163. ^ Hemingway 1964, p. 186: In his memoir A Moveable Feast, Ernest Hemingway claims he realized that Zelda had a mental illness when she insisted that jazz singer Al Jolson was greater than Jesus Christ.
164. ^ Hemingway 1964, pp. 180–181.
165. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 437, 468–469: "She wanted me to work too much for her and not enough for my dream."
166. ^ Milford 1970, p. 380.
167. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 116, 280; Mizener 1951, p. 270.
168. ^ a b c Hemingway 1964, p. 155.
169. ^ Hemingway 1964, p. 176.
170. ^ a b Hemingway 1964, p. 190.
171. ^ Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2002, p. 65.
172. ^ a b Bruccoli 2002, p. 275.
173. ^ Milford 1970, p. 117; Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2002, p. 57.
174. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 352.
175. ^ a b Buller 2005, p. 5.
176. ^ a b c Turnbull 1962, p. 170.
177. ^ Buller 2005, p. 5; Turnbull 1962, p. 170.
178. ^ Buller 2005, pp. 6–8; Turnbull 1962, p. 170.
179. ^ a b Buller 2005, pp. 6–8.
180. ^ Buller 2005, pp. 6–8: "My worship for him", Moran later recalled, "was based on admiration of his talent".
181. ^ Buller 2005, p. 11; Turnbull 1962, p. 170.
182. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 256.
183. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 352; Buller 2005, pp. 6–8.
184. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 171.
185. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 261, 267.
186. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 269.
187. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 288–289; Milford 1970, p. 156.
188. ^ Milford 1970, p. 156.
189. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 217; Tate 1998, p. 23.
190. ^ Milford 1970, p. 179: Zelda's biographer, Nancy Milford, quotes Oscar Forel's psychiatric diagnosis: "The more I saw Zelda, the more I thought at the time: she is neither a pure neurosis (meaning psychogenic) nor a real psychosis—I considered her a constitutional, emotionally unbalanced psychopath—she may improve, never completely recover."
191. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 291.
192. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 313; Bruccoli & Baughman 1996, p. 3.
193. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 204; Milford 1970, p. 210.
194. ^ a b c d Mencken 1989, pp. 44–45.
195. ^ Mencken 1989, p. 56.
196. ^ a b Bruccoli & Baughman 1996, pp. 3–4.
197. ^ Milford 1970, p. 220.
198. ^ Berg 1978, p. 235.
199. ^ a b Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2002, p. 162.
200. ^ Milford 1970, p. 225.
201. ^ Fitzgerald 1991, p. 9.
202. ^ Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2002, p. 162; Fitzgerald 1991, p. 9.
203. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 327–328.
204. ^ Bruccoli & Baughman 1996, p. 28; Turnbull 1962, p. 243.
205. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 243.
206. ^ Stern 1970, p. 96.
207. ^ Cowley 1951; Turnbull 1962, p. 246.
208. ^ Bruccoli & Baughman 1996, pp. 50, 157.
209. ^ Hemingway 1964, p. 147.
210. ^ a b Josephson 1933; Mizener 1960.
211. ^ Savage 2007, pp. 206–207, 225–226.
212. ^ a b Perrett 1982, pp. 151–152.
213. ^ Kazin 1951, p. 110; Rodgers 2005, p. 376.
214. ^ a b Fassler 2013.
215. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 299–300; Mizener 1951, pp. 283–284.
216. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 299–300; Mizener 1951, pp. 283–284; Rath & Gulli 2015.
217. ^ MacKie 1970, pp. 17: Commenting upon his alcoholism, Fitzgerald's romantic acquaintance Elizabeth Beckwith MacKie stated the author was "the victim of a tragic historic accident—the accident of Prohibition, when Americans believed that the only honorable protest against a stupid law was to break it."
218. ^ a b c d Markel 2017.
219. ^ Milford 1970, p. 183.
220. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 60, 269, 300, 327.
221. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 259.
222. ^ Hemingway 1964, pp. 163–164.
223. ^ Mencken 1989, pp. 62–63.
224. ^ Fitzgerald 1966, p. 286.
225. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 279–280; Fitzgerald 2004, pp. xiv, 123–125.
226. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 280; Fitzgerald 2004, pp. xiv, 123–125; McInerney 2007.
227. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 480; Milford 1970, p. 308.
228. ^ Mizener 1951, pp. 257–259; Turnbull 1962, p. 257; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 393–394.
229. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 405, 408.
230. ^ Tate 1998, p. 43; Fitzgerald 1936; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 400–401.
231. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 405–407.
232. ^ a b Turnbull 1962, pp. 298–299; Mizener 1951, p. 283.
233. ^ a b Hook 2002, p. 90.
234. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, p. 200.
235. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, p. 188; Ring 1985, p. 114.
236. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, p. 273; Fitzgerald 1966, p. 150.
237. ^ a b West 2005, pp. 86–87; Corrigan 2014, p. 59; Smith 2003.
238. ^ Smith 2003.
239. ^ a b Graham & Frank 1958, pp. vii–ix, 172–173.
240. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, p. 323; Fitzgerald 1966, pp. 117, 151.
241. ^ Ring 1985, p. 104; Bruccoli 2002, p. 485.
242. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, p. 308: "The day came when he realized he was drinking to escape—not only to escape the growing sense of his wasted potentialities but also to dull the guilt he felt over Zelda. 'I feel that I am responsible for what happened to her. I could no longer bear what became of her.'"
243. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, pp. 255–257, 275, 281, 296, 309.
244. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, p. 308.
245. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, p. 202.
246. ^ a b Graham & Frank 1958, pp. 186–187.
247. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, p. 217: Upon realizing that no one attended stage adaptations of his works, Fitzgerald became "silent and depressed".
248. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 110: Scott believed, "as Oscar Wilde said, [that] the only thing worse than being talked about is being forgotten."
249. ^ a b c Turnbull 1962, pp. 294–295; Mizener 1951, pp. 282–283.
250. ^ a b Brooks 2011, pp. 174–176.
251. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, pp. 214–215; Turnbull 1962, pp. 305–307; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 257, 458.
252. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 294–295; Bruccoli 2002, p. 449.
253. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 182, 451.
254. ^ Krystal 2009; McGrath 2004.
255. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 285; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 468–469.
256. ^ Kazin 1951, p. 15; Mizener 1951, p. 248.
257. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, pp. 309–311, 314; Bruccoli 2002, pp. 446–447.
258. ^ a b c Graham & Frank 1958, pp. 326–327.
259. ^ a b c d e Graham & Frank 1958, pp. 330–331; Ring 1985, p. 106.
260. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 486–489.
261. ^ Graham & Frank 1958, p. 333: "By the way, Sheilah—we're going to bury Daddy in Baltimore. I don't think it would be advisable for you to come to the funeral, do you?"
262. ^ a b Mizener 1951, pp. 298–299; Graham & Frank 1958, pp. 333–335.
263. ^ Ring 1985, p. 109.
264. ^ Mizener 1951, pp. 298–299; Turnbull 1962, pp. 321–322.
265. ^ Mizener 1951, pp. 298–299.
266. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 321–322.
267. ^ Turnbull 1962, pp. 321–322; Milford 1970, p. 350.
268. ^ Young 1979; Mangum 2016, pp. 27–39; Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2002, pp. 385–386.
269. ^ Kelly 2014; Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2002, pp. 385–386.
270. ^ Fitzgerald 1966, p. 530.
271. ^ Donahue 2013; Mizener 1951, p. 300.
272. ^ Willett 1999.
273. ^ MacKie 1970, pp. 27.
274. ^ New York Times Obituary 1940.
275. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 338.
276. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 339.
277. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 463; Ring 1985, p. 102.
278. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 287; Adams 1941.
279. ^ Tredell 2007, p. 90.
280. ^ Donahue 2013.
281. ^ a b c Edwards 1992.
282. ^ a b Wilson 1965, pp. 16–17; Mizener 1960; Gopnik 2014.
283. ^ a b Wilson 1965, pp. 16–17.
284. ^ a b Gopnik 2014.
285. ^ Gamble & Preston 1968.
286. ^ Palmer 2018.
287. ^ Thorpe 2020.
288. ^ Diamond 2016; Bloom 2009.
289. ^ McCardell 1926, p. 6; Mencken 1925, p. 9; Butcher 1925, p. 11; Van Allen 1934, p. 83.
290. ^ a b c d e f g Van Allen 1934, p. 83.
291. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1945, p. 329.
292. ^ Wilson 1952, p. 638.
293. ^ Wilson 1952, p. 29; Wilson 1952, p. 638.
294. ^ Asbury Park Press 1920.
295. ^ Berg 1978, p. 15–19.
296. ^ Wilson 1952, p. 32; Fitzgerald 2004, pp. 41, 83; Fitzgerald 1945, p. 319.
297. ^ Wilson 1952, pp. 28–29.
298. ^ Milford 1970, p. 67; Weaver 1922, p. 3.
299. ^ Berg 1978, p. 14.
300. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 335.
301. ^ a b Coghlan 1925, p. 11.
302. ^ Wilson 1952, p. 28; Mencken 1925, p. 9.
303. ^ Wilson 1952, p. 28.
304. ^ Stagg 1925, p. 9; Mencken 1925, p. 9.
305. ^ a b c d e Mencken 1925, p. 9.
306. ^ Wilson 1952, p. 32.
307. ^ Wilson 1952, pp. 32–33.
308. ^ Berg 1978, p. 57; Stagg 1925, p. 9; Fitzgerald 1945, p. 321.
309. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 322: Paul Rosenfeld commented that certain passages easily rivaled D. H. Lawrence in their artistry.
310. ^ Stagg 1925, p. 9; Fitzgerald 1945.
311. ^ Stagg 1925, p. 9; Hammond 1922.
312. ^ Butcher 1923, p. 7: Fanny Butcher feared that "Fitzgerald had a brilliant future ahead of him in 1920" but, "unless he does something better... it will be behind him in 1923."
313. ^ a b c Weaver 1922, p. 3.
314. ^ Eble 1974, p. 37.
315. ^ Flanagan 2000; Leader 2000, pp. 13–15.
316. ^ Quirk 1982, p. 578; Fitzgerald 2004, p. 68.
317. ^ Bruccoli 1978, pp. 171–72; Quirk 1982, p. 578.
318. ^ Harvey 1995, p. 76: "Marian Forrester, then, represents the American Dream boldly focused on self, almost fully disengaged from the morals and ethics to which it had been tied in the nineteenth century".
319. ^ Funda 1995, p. 275; Rosowski 1977, p. 51.
320. ^ Coghlan 1925, p. 11; Mencken 1925, p. 9; New York Herald Tribune 1925.
321. ^ Kazin 1951, pp. 81–83, 90–91.
322. ^ New York Herald Tribune 1925.
323. ^ Latimer 1934, p. 4.
324. ^ a b c Stein 1933, p. 268.
325. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1945, p. 309.
326. ^ Ford 1925, p. 68.
327. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1945, p. 310.
328. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 331; Stern 1970, p. 96.
329. ^ Maslin 1934, p. 2.
330. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1945, p. 43.
331. ^ Wilson 1952, pp. 33–34, 151; Fitzgerald 1945, pp. 318, 340.
332. ^ a b Wilson 1952, p. 151.
333. ^ a b Sommerville & Morgan 2017, p. 186.
334. ^ Wilson 1952, pp. 33–34, 151; Fitzgerald 1945, pp. 318, 340; Hemingway 1964, p. 155.
335. ^ Sommerville & Morgan 2017, pp. 186–188.
336. ^ Sommerville & Morgan 2017, p. 187.
337. ^ Wilson 1952, pp. 33–34.
338. ^ a b Fitzgerald 1945, p. 318.
339. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 340.
340. ^ Fitzgerald 1920, p. 304.
341. ^ Coghlan 1925, p. 11: Fitzgerald "was looked upon as the keenest interpreter of his own generation."
342. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 326; Roedder 1926, p. 7.
343. ^ a b Fitzgerald 2004, p. 7.
344. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 15; Fitzgerald 2004, pp. 6–7.
345. ^ a b Butcher 1925, p. 11; Coghlan 1925, p. 11.
346. ^ Fitzgerald & Fitzgerald 2002, p. 184: "... where young men in bear-cat roadsters are speeding to whatever Genevra [King] Mitchell's dominate the day".
347. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 326.
348. ^ Weaver 1922, p. 3: "But what the first book principally did was to introduce new material; it made this wild, keen, enthusiastic younger generation self-conscious; it encourage them to self-expression; to open revolt against the platitudes and polly-annalysis [sic] of precedent. In a literary way, Fitzgerald's influence is so great that it cannot be estimated."
349. ^ Wilson 1952, p. 142.
350. ^ Broun 1920, p. 14; Fitzgerald 1945, pp. 331–332.
351. ^ Broun 1920, p. 14.
352. ^ Wilson 1952, p. 144; Fitzgerald 1945, p. 16.
353. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, pp. 15 16.
354. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, pp. 330–331.
355. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 331.
356. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 332.
357. ^ Fitzgerald 1989, p. 336.
358. ^ Fitzgerald 1989, pp. 335–336.
359. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 150: According to Fitzgerald himself, he was unable "to forgive the rich for being rich, and it has colored my entire life and works."
360. ^ a b Turnbull 1962, p. 150.
361. ^ Berman 2014, p. 36: The Saturday Evening Post and other magazines rejected several of Fitzegerald's stories as they deemed them to be "baffling, blasphemous, or objectionably satiric about wealth".
362. ^ Mencken 1925.
363. ^ Butcher 1925, p. 11.
364. ^ Mencken 1925, p. 9; Fitzgerald 1945, p. 326; Stein 1933, p. 268.
365. ^ a b Churchwell 2013; Gillespie 2013; Bechtel 2017, p. 117.
366. ^ Churchwell 2013.
367. ^ a b c d Gillespie 2013.
368. ^ Bechtel 2017, p. 120.
369. ^ Bechtel 2017, pp. 117, 128.
370. ^ Wilson 1965, p. 21; Mcgowan 2013, p. 59.
371. ^ Rand 1996, p. 230: Fitzgerald saw himself as a cultural and political outsider.
372. ^ Wilson 1965, p. 21.
373. ^ Turnbull 1962, p. 150; Wilson 1965, p. 21.
374. ^ Donaldson 1983, p. 39: Fitzgerald's "annoying habit of dissecting the university's social mores stamped him as an outsider".
375. ^ Mcgowan 2013, p. 59.
376. ^ Vogel 2015, p. 40; Slater 1973, p. 54; Donaldson 1983, p. 18; Tate 1998, p. 173; Mcgowan 2013, p. 59.
377. ^ a b Rand 1996, p. 239: "John Unger is an outsider to the wealth and power elite as well as to the truth of his intended fate."
378. ^ Vogel 2015, p. 40; Slater 1973, p. 54.
379. ^ Pekarofski 2012, p. 52.
380. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 496–500: Although F. Scott Fitzgerald descended from colonial-era ancestors on his father's side including Tidewater Virginians, his daughter Scottie claimed he was unaware of this descent during his lifetime. Moreover, none of his ancestors were Mayflower settlers.
381. ^ Slater 1973, p. 56.
382. ^ Vogel 2015, p. 41.
383. ^ Vogel 2015, pp. 29–30, 33, 38–40, 51: "The Great Gatsby resonates more in the present than it ever did in the Jazz Age", and "the work speaks in strikingly familiar terms to the issues of our time", especially since its "themes are inextricably woven into questions of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality".
384. ^ a b Wilson 1952, pp. 27, 33; Roedder 1926, p. 7; Kazin 1951, pp. 90–91.
385. ^ Wilson 1952, p. 27.
386. ^ Kazin 1951, pp. 77–78.
387. ^ Kazin 1951, pp. 77–78; Wilson 1952, p. 27.
388. ^ a b Berman 2014, p. 33.
389. ^ Wilson 1952, pp. 374–375.
390. ^ Donaldson 1983, p. 4: "Fitzgerald told Margaret Turnbull, "I wish I had the advantage when I was a child of parents and friends who knew more than I did."
391. ^ Donaldson 1983, p. 1: "My father is a moron and my mother is a neurotic, half insane with pathological nervous worry," Fitzgerald wrote to Perkins. "Between them they haven't and never have had the brains of Calvin Coolidge."
392. ^ Fitzgerald 1920, p. 304; Fitzgerald 1945, pp. 13–15.
393. ^ Jenkins 1974, p. 79.
394. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 14: "It was characteristic of the Jazz Age that it had no interest in politics at all."
395. ^ Fitzgerald 1945, pp. 13–15.
396. ^ Milford 1970, pp. 76, 89.
397. ^ a b c d Fitzgerald 1989, p. 335.
398. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 44: "Fitzgerald used three of Fay's letters and one of his poems in This Side of Paradise".
399. ^ a b Mizener 1951, p. 44.
400. ^ Bruccoli 2002, pp. 161–162; Milford 1970, pp. 35–36; Mizener 1951.
401. ^ a b Milford 1970, p. 89.
402. ^ Bruccoli 2002, p. 166.
403. ^ Tate 1998, p. 14: "The review was partly a joke".
404. ^ a b c d e West 2005, pp. 3, 50–51, 56–57.
405. ^ Stern 1970.
406. ^ a b Mizener 1951, p. 170.
407. ^ Kazin 1951, p. 86.
408. ^ Jackson 1996, p. 149.
409. ^ Mizener 1960: "Writers like John O'Hara were showing its influence and younger men like Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg, who would presently be deeply affected by it, were discovering it."
410. ^ Yates 1981, p. 3.
411. ^ New York Times Editorial 1940.
412. ^ Mizener 1951, p. 330; The New York Times 1920, p. D2.
413. ^ Hischak 2012, p. 23.
414. ^ Scott 2008.
415. ^ Tate 1998, p. 14.
416. ^ Hall 1926; Coppola 2013; Cieply 2013.
417. ^ Hischak 2012, p. 240.
418. ^ Canby 1976.
419. ^ Ryan 2017.
420. ^ Atkinson 1958.
421. ^ Nash 2005.
422. ^ Buckton 2013.
423. ^ Genzlinger 2002; Ring 1985.
424. ^ Berger 2011; Scott 2016.
425. ^ Wollaston 2017.

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