This content is from Wikipedia. We do not consider this content professional or citable. Please use your discretion when relying on it. GradeSaver also offers a professionally written study guide by one of our staff editors.

Translations

At least four English translations have been made. Of those, the 1963 Signet translation by Ralph Parker was the first to be published,^[2][3] followed by the 1963 Bantam (Random House) translation by Ronald Hingley and Max Hayward and the 1970 translation by Gillon Aitken. The fourth translation, by H.T. Willetts and the only one authorized by Solzhenitsyn,^{[not in citation given]} was published in 1991.^[4] Some names differ among the translations; those below are from the Hingley and Hayward translation.^{[clarification needed]}