Langston Hughes: Poems

Notes

  1. ^ Schuessler, Jennifer (August 9, 2018). "Langston Hughes Just Got a Year Older". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  2. ^ Francis, Ted (2002). Realism in the Novels of the Harlem Renaissance.
  3. ^ Hughes 2001, p. 36.
  4. ^ a b Faith Berry, Langston Hughes, Before and Beyond Harlem, Westport, Connecticut: Lawrence Hill & Co., 1983; reprint, Citadel Press, 1992, p. 1.
  5. ^ "Langston Hughes on his racial and ethnic background". Kansas History. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  6. ^ a b Richard B. Sheridan, "Charles Henry Langston and the African American Struggle in Kansas", Kansas State History, Winter 1999. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  7. ^ Laurie F. Leach, Langston Hughes: A Biography, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-0313324970,
  8. ^ "Ohio Anti-Slavery Society – Ohio History Central". ohiohistorycentral.org.
  9. ^ "African-Native American Scholars". African-Native American Scholars. 2008. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  10. ^ William and Aimee Lee Cheek, "John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics", in Leon F. Litwack and August Meier (eds), Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century, University of Illinois Press, 1991, pp. 106–111.
  11. ^ Hughes 2001, p. 13.
  12. ^ West, Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, 2003, p. 160.
  13. ^ Hughes recalled his maternal grandmother's stories: "Through my grandmother's stories life always moved, moved heroically toward an end. Nobody ever cried in my grandmother's stories. They worked, schemed, or fought. But no crying." Rampersad, Arnold, & David Roessel (2002). The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, Knopf, p. 620.
  14. ^ The poem "Aunt Sues's Stories" (1921) is an oblique tribute to his grandmother and his loving "Auntie" Mary Reed, a close family friend. Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, p. 43.
  15. ^ Brooks, Gwendolyn (October 12, 1986), "The Darker Brother", The New York Times.
  16. ^ Arnold Rampersad, The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume II: 1914–1967, I Dream a World, Oxford University Press, p. 11. ISBN 978-0195146431
  17. ^ Central High School (Cleveland, Ohio); Wirth, Thomas H.; Hughes, Langston; Thomas H. Wirth Collection (Emory University. MARBL) (February 1, 2019). "The Central High School monthly". Central High. Retrieved February 1, 2019 – via Hathi Trust.
  18. ^ "Ronnick: Within CAMWS Territory: Helen M. Chesnutt (1880–1969), Black Latinist". Camws.org. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  19. ^ Langston Hughes Reads His Poetry, with commentary, audiotape from Caedmon Audio
  20. ^ "Langston Hughes, Writer, 65, Dead". The New York Times. May 23, 1967.
  21. ^ "Langston Hughes | Scholastic". www.scholastic.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
  22. ^ "Langston Hughes biography: African-American history: Crossing Boundaries: Kansas Humanities Council". www.kansasheritage.org. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
  23. ^ Hughes 2001, pp. 54–56.
  24. ^ Brooks, Gwendolyn (October 12, 1986). "Review of The Darker Brother". The New York Times. And the father, Hughes said, 'hated Negroes. I think he hated himself, too, for being a Negro. He disliked all of his family because they were Negroes.' James Hughes was tightfisted, uncharitable, cold.
  25. ^ Wallace, Maurice Orlando (2008). Langston Hughes: The Harlem Renaissance. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0761425915.
  26. ^ "Write Columbia's History". c250.columbia.edu. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
  27. ^ "Open and Closed Doors at the University: Two Giants of the Harlem Renaissance | Columbia University and Slavery". columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
  28. ^ Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, p. 56.
  29. ^ "Poem" or "To F.S." first appeared in The Crisis in May 1925 and was reprinted in The Weary Blues and The Dream Keeper. Hughes never publicly identified "F.S.", but it is conjectured he was Ferdinand Smith, a merchant seaman whom the poet first met in New York in the early 1920s. Nine years older than Hughes, Smith influenced the poet to go to sea. Born in Jamaica in 1893, Smith spent most of his life as a ship steward and political activist at sea—and later in New York as a resident of Harlem. Smith was deported in 1951 to Jamaica for alleged Communist activities and illegal alien status. Hughes corresponded with Smith up until the latter's death in 1961. Berry, p. 347.
  30. ^ "Langston Hughes". Biography.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
  31. ^ Leach, Langston Hughes: A Biography (2004), pp. xvi, 153.
  32. ^ Rampersad, Vol. 1, pp. 86–87, 89–90.
  33. ^ "History – Hugh Wooding Law School". Hwls.edu.tt. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  34. ^ In 1926, Amy Spingarn, wife of Joel Elias Spingarn, who was president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), served as patron for Hughes and provided the funds ($300) for him to attend Lincoln University. Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, pp. 122–123.
  35. ^ In November 1927, Charlotte Osgood Mason ("Godmother" as she liked to be called), became Hughes's major patron. Rampersad. vol. 1, 1986, p. 156.
  36. ^ "Mule Bone: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston's Dream Deferred of an African-American Theatre of the Black Word.", African American Review, March 22, 2001. Retrieved March 7, 2008. "In February 1930, Hurston headed north, settling in Westfield, New Jersey. Godmother Mason (Mrs. Rufus Osgood Mason, their white protector) had selected Westfield, safely removed from the distractions of New York City, as a suitable place for both Hurston and Hughes to work."
  37. ^ "J. L. Hughes Will Depart After Questioning as to Communism", The New York Times, July 25, 1933.
  38. ^ Nero 1997, pp. 161, 192.
  39. ^ Yale Symposium, Was Langston Gay? commemorating the 100th birthday of Hughes in 2002.
  40. ^ Schwarz 2003, pp. 68–88.
  41. ^ Although Hughes was extremely closeted, some of his poems may hint at homosexuality. These include: "Joy", "Desire", "Cafe: 3 A.M.", "Waterfront Streets", "Young Sailor", "Trumpet Player", "Tell Me", "F.S." and some poems in Montage of a Dream Deferred. LGBTQQ History Archived May 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Iowa Pride Network. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  42. ^ "Cafe 3 A.M." was against gay bashing by police, and "Poem for F.S." was about his friend Ferdinand Smith (Nero 1999, p. 500).
  43. ^ Jean Blackwell Hutson, former chief of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, said: "He was always eluding marriage. He said marriage and career didn't work. ... It wasn't until his later years that I became convinced he was homosexual." Hutson & Nelson, Essence, February 1992, p. 96.
  44. ^ McClatchy, J. D. (2002). Langston Hughes: Voice of the Poet. New York: Random House Audio. p. 12. ISBN 978-0553714913. Though there were infrequent and half-hearted affairs with women, most people considered Hughes asexual, insistent on a skittish, carefree 'innocence.' In fact, he was a closeted homosexual.
  45. ^ Aldrich (2001), p. 200.
  46. ^ Referring to men of African descent, Rampersad writes: "... Hughes found some young men, especially dark-skinned men, appealing and sexually fascinating. (Both in his various artistic representations, in fiction especially, and in his life, he appears to have found young white men of little sexual appeal.) Virile young men of very dark complexion fascinated him." Rampersad, vol. 2, 1988, p. 336.
  47. ^ "His fatalism was well placed. Under such pressure, Hughes's sexual desire, such as it was, became not so much sublimated as vaporized. He governed his sexual desires to an extent rare in a normal adult male; whether his appetite was normal and adult is impossible to say. He understood, however, that Cullen and Locke offered him nothing he wanted, or nothing that promised much for him or his poetry. If certain of his responses to Locke seemed like teasing (a habit Hughes would never quite lose with women, or, perhaps, men) they were not therefore necessarily signs of sexual desire; more likely, they showed the lack of it. Nor should one infer quickly that Hughes was held back by a greater fear of public exposure as a homosexual than his friends had; of the three men, he was the only one ready, indeed eager, to be perceived as disreputable." "Rampersad, The Life of Langston Hughes, Vol. I, p. 69.
  48. ^ Sandra West states: Hughes's "apparent love for black men as evidenced through a series of unpublished poems he wrote to a black male lover named 'Beauty'." West, 2003, p. 162.
  49. ^ "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" Archived July 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Audio file, Hughes reading. Poem information from Poets.org.
  50. ^ "The Negro Speaks of Rivers": first published in The Crisis (June 1921), p. 17. Included in The New Negro (1925), The Weary Blues, Langston Hughes Reader, and Selected Poems. The poem is dedicated to W. E. B. Du Bois in The Weary Blues, but it is printed without dedication in later versions. – Rampersad & Roessel (2002). In The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, pp. 23, 620.
  51. ^ Rampersad & Roessel (2002), The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, pp. 23, 620.
  52. ^ Hoelscher, Stephen (2019). "A Lost Work by Langston Hughes". Smithsonian. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  53. ^ Hughes "disdained the rigid class and color differences the 'best people' drew between themselves and Afro-Americans of darker complexion, of smaller means and lesser formal education." – Berry, 1983 & 1992, p. 60.
  54. ^ "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain" (June 1926), The Nation.
  55. ^ Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 418.
  56. ^ West, 2003, p. 162.
  57. ^ "My People" First published as "Poem" in The Crisis (October 1923), p. 162, and The Weary Blues (1926). The title poem "My People" was collected in The Dream Keeper (1932) and the Selected Poems of Langston Hughes (1959). Rampersad & Roessel (2002), The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, pp. 36, 623.
  58. ^ a b Rampersad. vol. 2, 1988, p. 297.
  59. ^ Rampersad. vol. 1, 1986, p. 91.
  60. ^ Mercer Cook, African-American scholar of French culture wrote: "His (Langston Hughes) work had a lot to do with the famous concept of Négritude, of black soul and feeling, that they were beginning to develop." Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, p. 343.
  61. ^ Rampersad. vol. 1, 1986, p. 343.
  62. ^ Charlotte Mason generously supported Hughes for two years. She supervised his writing his first novel, Not Without Laughter (1930). Her patronage of Hughes ended about the time the novel appeared. Rampersad. "Langston Hughes", in The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature, 2001, p. 207.
  63. ^ a b Tanenhaus, Sam (1997). Whittaker Chambers: A Biography. Random House. ISBN 978-0307789266.
  64. ^ millersvillearchives Golden Stair Press
  65. ^ Anne Loftis (1998), Witnesses to the Struggle, p. 46, University of Nevada Press, ISBN 978-0874173055.
  66. ^ Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. New York: Random House. pp. 44–45 (includes description of Lieber), 203, 266fn, 355, 365–366, 376–377, 377fn, 388, 394, 397, 401, 408, 410. LCCN 52005149.
  67. ^ a b c Rampersad, Arnold (2001). The Life of Langston Hughes. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-988227-4. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  68. ^ Hughes, Langston; Husband, Dalla. "Madrid 1937". www.abebooks.com. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
  69. ^ a b "Langston Hughes". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chicago Writers Association. Archived from the original on September 8, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  70. ^ Word Warrior: Richard Durham, Radio & Freedom – video presentation from the Library of Congress featuring author Sonja D. Williams
  71. ^ "Shakespeare of Harlem", a presentation from Destination Freedom
  72. ^ Creekmore, Hubert (January 30, 1949). "Two Rewarding Volumes of Verse; One-way Ticket. By Langston Hughes. Illustrated by Jacob Lawrence. 136 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. The Poetry of the Negro: 1746–1949. Edited by Arna Bontemps and Langston Hughes. 429 pp. New York: Doubleday & Co". The New York Times. p. 19.
  73. ^ Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 207.
  74. ^ Langston's misgivings about the new black writing were because of its emphasis on black criminality and frequent use of profanity. – Rampersad, vol. 2, p. 207.
  75. ^ Hughes said: "There are millions of blacks who never murder anyone, or rape or get raped or want to rape, who never lust after white bodies, or cringe before white stupidity, or Uncle Tom, or go crazy with race, or off-balance with frustration." – Rampersad, vol. 2, p. 119.
  76. ^ Langston eagerly looked to the day when the gifted young writers of his race would go beyond the clamor of civil rights and integration and take a genuine pride in being black ... he found this latter quality starkly absent in even the best of them. – Rampersad, vol. 2, p. 310.
  77. ^ "As for whites in general, Hughes did not like them ... He felt he had been exploited and humiliated by them." – Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 338.
  78. ^ Hughes's advice on how to deal with racists was, "'Always be polite to them ... be over-polite. Kill them with kindness.' But, he insisted on recognizing that all whites are not racist, and definitely enjoyed the company of those who sought him out in friendship and with respect." – Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 368.
  79. ^ Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 409.
  80. ^ Fountain, James (June 2009). "The notion of crusade in British and American literary responses to the Spanish Civil War". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 7 (2): 133–147. doi:10.1080/14794010902868298. S2CID 145749786.
  81. ^ The end of "A New Song" was substantially changed when it was included in A New Song (New York: International Workers Order, 1938).
  82. ^ Scammell, Michael. "Langston Hughes in the USSR". New York Review of Books. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  83. ^ Tanenhaus, Sam (1997). Whittaker Chambers: A Biography. Random House. ISBN 978-0307789266. Malcolm Cowley, Floyd Dell, and Chambers were also involved in this intended film.
  84. ^ Arthur Koestler, "The Invisible Writing", Ch. 10.
  85. ^ Lai-Henderson, Selina (2020). "Color around the Globe: Langston Hughes and Black Internationalism in China". MELUS. 45 (2): 88–107. doi:10.1093/melus/mlaa016.
  86. ^ Kiuchi, Toru (2008). "The Critical Response in Japan to Langston Hughes" (PDF). Nihon daigaku seisan kōgakubu kenkyū hōkoku B 日本大学生産工学部研究報告B. 41: 1–14.
  87. ^ Huh, Jang Wook (2021). "'Our Temples for Tomorrow': Langston Hughes and the Making of a Democratic Korea". The Langston Hughes Review. 27 (2): 115–136. doi:10.5325/langhughrevi.27.2.0115.
  88. ^ a b c Juan Ignacio Guijarro González (September 2021). ""I looked upon the Nile"—and the Ebro: Reconstructing the History of Langston Hughes Translations in Spain (1930–1975)". The Langston Hughes Review. 27 (2): 144–145. doi:10.5325/langhughrevi.27.2.0137. S2CID 240529722.
  89. ^ "Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives". Alba-valb.org. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
  90. ^ DeSantis 2001, p. 9.
  91. ^ Rampersad, Arnold (2002). The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume II: 1941–1967, I Dream a World. Oxford University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0199882274.
  92. ^ Winston, Kimberly (February 22, 2012). "Blacks say atheists were unseen civil rights heroes". The Washington Post. Religion News Service.
  93. ^ Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, Volume 2, Volume 107, Issue 84 of S. prt, Beth Bolling, ISBN 978-0160513626. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Publisher: U.S. GPO. Original from the University of Michigan p. 988. Archived March 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  94. ^ a b Leach, Langston Hughes: A Biography (2004), pp. 118–119.
  95. ^ Sharf, James C. (1981). Testimony of Richard T. Seymour, before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Senate Committee on the Judiciary. doi:10.1037/e578982009-004.
  96. ^ Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 359. ISBN 978-0786479924.
  97. ^ Whitaker, Charles, "Langston Hughes: 100th birthday celebration of the poet of Black America", Ebony, April 2002.
  98. ^ "Song". The Dream Keeper and Other Poems. The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, vol. 11. University of Missouri Press. 2001. p. 65. ISBN 9780826214980.
  99. ^ "Lovely, dark, and lonely one" by Langston Hughes (text), Harry Burleigh (music), lieder.net
  100. ^ Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International Encyclopedia of Women Composers. Books & Music. ISBN 978-0961748524.
  101. ^ Donald V. Calamia, "Review: 'Hannibal of the Alps'". Archived November 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Pride Source, from Between The Lines, June 9, 2005.
  102. ^ "We are African Americans for Humanism". African Americans for Humanism. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  103. ^ Jeff Lunden, "'Ask Your Mama': A Music And Poetry Premiere", NPR.
  104. ^ "The Langston Hughes Project". Ronmccurdy.com. November 24, 2021.
  105. ^ "Ronald C. McCurdy, Ph.D." Biography.
  106. ^ "Ice-T and Ron McCurdy – the Langston Hughes Project". Archived November 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Artform press releases.
  107. ^ "The Langston Hughes Project, Thursday 24 September 2015" Archived August 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Serious. Article by Margaret Busby, first published in the Barbican November 2015 Guide.
  108. ^ "Fiction Book Review: Harlem Mosaics". Publishers Weekly. April 28, 2018.
  109. ^ Maddie Crum (September 22, 2016). "Powerful Poem about Race Gets a Full Page in The New York Times". Huffington Post.
  110. ^ "Langston Hughes Memorial Library". Lincoln University. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  111. ^ Nunes, Zita Cristina (November 20, 2018). "Cataloging Black Knowledge: How Dorothy Porter Assembled and Organized a Premier Africana Research Collection". Perspectives on History. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  112. ^ "Langston Hughes, Poet". Los Angeles Times. September 26, 1926. p. 66. Retrieved January 7, 2021 – via newspapers.com. The Witter Bynner undergraduate poetry prize for 1926 was awarded to Langston Hughes, Lincoln University, whom Carl Van Vechten ranks with among the best of the younger American poets.
  113. ^ "Langston Hughes – Poet". h2g2: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. April 14, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
  114. ^ "Medallion Recipients". The City College of New YOrk. July 4, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
  115. ^ Jen Carlson (June 18, 2007)."Langston Hughes Lives On In Harlem", Archived February 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Gothamist. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  116. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  117. ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1573929638.
  118. ^ "Langston Hughes". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  119. ^ "Langston Hughes' 113th Birthday". Google.com.

Sources

  • Aldrich, Robert (2001). Who's Who in Gay & Lesbian History, Routledge. ISBN 041522974X
  • Bernard, Emily (2001). Remember Me to Harlem: The Letters of Langston Hughes and Carl Van Vechten, 1925–1964, Knopf. ISBN 0679451137
  • Berry, Faith (1983.1992,). "Langston Hughes: Before and Beyond Harlem". In On the Cross of the South, Citadel Press, p. 150; & Zero Hour, pp. 185–186. ISBN 0517147696
  • Chenrow, Fred; Chenrow, Carol (1973). Reading Exercises in Black History, Volume 1, Elizabethtown, PA: The Continental Press, Inc. p. 36. ISBN 0845421077.
  • DeSantis, Christopher C. (2001). Introduction. Fight for Freedom and Other Writings on Civil Rights. By Hughes, Langston. The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, vol. 10. University of Missouri Press. p. 9. ISBN 0826213715.
  • Hughes, Langston (2001) [1940]. The Big Sea. The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, vol. 13. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826214102.
  • Hutson, Jean Blackwell; & Jill Nelson (February 1992). "Remembering Langston", Essence, p. 96.
  • Joyce, Joyce A. (2004). "A Historical Guide to Langston Hughes". In Steven C. Tracy (ed.), Hughes and Twentieth-Century Genderracial Issues, Oxford University Press, p. 136. ISBN 0195144341
  • Nero, Charles I. (1997). "Re/Membering Langston: Homphobic Textuality and Arnold Rampersad's Life of Langston Hughes". In Martin Duberman (ed.). Queer Representations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures. New York University Press. ISBN 0814718841.
  • Nero, Charles I. (1999). "Free Speech or Hate Speech: Pornography and its Means of Production". In Larry P. Gross; James D. Woods (eds.). Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231104472.
  • Nichols, Charles H. (1980). Arna Bontempts-Langston Hughes Letters, 1925–1967, Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN 0396076874
  • Ostrom, Hans (1993). Langston Hughes: A Study of the Short Fiction, New York: Twayne. ISBN 0805783431
  • Ostrom, Hans (2002). A Langston Hughes Encyclopedia, Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313303924
  • Rampersad, Arnold (1986). The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume 1: I, Too, Sing America, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195146425
  • Rampersad, Arnold (1988). The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume 2: I Dream A World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195146433
  • Schwarz, Christa A. B. (2003). "Langston Hughes: A true 'people's poet". Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253216079.
  • West, Sandra L. (2003). "Langston Hughes". In Aberjhani & Sandra West (eds), Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, Checkmark Press, p. 162. ISBN 0816045402

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